Interstitial Cystitis Advice

Terms beginning with the letter A

Abdomen

Also know as the belly or tummy. The abdomen contains all of the internal organs and structures of the body, between the chest and the pelvis, including the stomach, intestines and abdominal muscles. IC patients often experience a heavy sensation of pain or pressure that may be accompanied by bloating (distension of the stomach) in their abdomen, this symptom has been termed “IC belly”.

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter, that is important in the transmission of nerve impulses in the parasympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system has numerous functions, one of which is controlling the smooth muscles, including but not exclusively, the muscles in the bladder.

Acontractile

Having no contractions, loss of the natural ability to contract. This can occur in the bladder, resulting in an inability to release urine normally.

Acupressure

A Chinese developed system of message which uses the fingers to apply pressure to specific acupuncture sites, believed to exist along “energy paths” or “channels”. This technique is thought to possibly cause the body to release certain helpful, natural chemicals that in turn may relieve tension, pain or other forms of discomfort.

Acupuncture

The act of applying special needles to the skin. This is thought to stimulate a person’s “Chi” or life-force/energy, in order to cause the body to produce endorphins and relax the muscles. Acupuncture has long been used by Fibromyalgia patients as a non-tradition means of therapy and is now gaining popularity and certain degrees of success in the IC community.

Acute

The sudden onset of symptoms or a condition, often serve and intense. A warning from the body that something is awry. High level of pain (in the bladder/pelvic region/lower abdominal area/even the upper thighs and vulvar area), urinary frequency and urinary urgency are often symptoms of IC that manifest themselves acutely.

Acute Prostatitis

A form of Prostatitis that results from bacteria. Classified as Category1 Prostatitis. Symptoms are often acute and include flu like symptoms, urinary pain/burning and trouble passing urine.

Afferent Nerves

Nerves which transmit sensory impulses to the spinal cord and brain from the organs, skin, and muscles.

Allergen

A substance that induces an allergy or allergic reaction. Allergens my not affect all people equally, just those who are hypersensitive to the allergen. Common allergens include dust, mold, rag weed, animal fur, and pesticides.

Allergy

A pathological or exaggerated reaction, such as sneezing, itching, swelling or rash to a substance, situation, or physical states. The most sever form of allergy is “Anaphylaxis”, this produces stronger more serve symptoms than a typical allergy and may even result in death.

Allodynia

Pain that occurs as a result of being stimulated by something which does not commonly cause or provoke the sensation of pain. Allodynia was initially coined to separate hyperalgesia from hyperesthesia, two conditions in which patients have lesions of the nervous system where gentle touch/pressure, or moderate warmth or cold evokes pain when applied to skin that seems “normal”.

Amino Acids

An amphoteric organic acid that contains the amino group NH2. The building blocks of the body’s proteins in, addition to the products of protein breakdown. Classified into two categories: Non-essential amino acids that naturally occur in the body, and Essential amino acids that are gained through diet.

Amino Nitrogen

The nitrogen atom of an amino group.

Analgesia

The absence or lack of pain which typically occurs due to some form of (physical) stimulation (usually) to the skin and/or muscles.

Analgesic

Referring to pain relieving medications that belongs to the category of NSAIDS (Non steroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs). Examples are Motrin, aspirin and Tylenol. Opioids in this class include morphine and codeine (these two are not NSAIDS).

Anesthesia

Medication that creates a loss of sensation and or lessens pain. There are numerous types of anesthetics such as general, local, regional, topical, epidural, and spinal.

Anesthetic bladder capacity

Anesthetic bladder capacity is the amount of urine the bladder is able to hold while under anesthesia.

Antiarrhythmics

A classification of medications typically used in the treatment of heart arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmics are being researched to see if they can also treat neuropathic pain.

Antibiotics

A substance produced by or a semi synthetic substance derived from a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism. Also known as Antimicrobials. Side effects are commonplace and include nausea, fatigue, yeast overgrowth, rash and flu like symptoms. Antibiotics are used more to treat urinary tract infections (bladder infections) and yeast infections, but are rarely successful in the treatment of IC as thus far IC has not been recognized as being caused by (known) bacteria. Some IC patients’ feel that the onset of their symptoms began following antibiotic use, which is completely plausible but thus fur no direct connection, has been made to prove this theory.

Antibodies

Molecules created by the immune system of the body, that adhere themselves to foreign substances in order to incapacitate them. Antibodies are produced after stimulation by an antigen and act against the antigen as an immune response.

Anticholinergic

A classification of medications that block the passage of nerve impulses through the parasympathic nervous system. Medications in this category include antidepressants (such as Elavil) and antispasmodics (including Ditropan and Cystospaz). Anticholingerics may relax the bladder and decrees bladder contractions (spasms) of IC patients, although they may also affect the muscles in the intestines and cause constipation as a side effect.

Anticonvulsants

A classification of medication originally created to aid in the treatment of epilepsy. Recent research has shown that anticonvulsants can be beneficial in the treatment of neuropathic pain (pain due to abnormalities in nerve function). Gabapentin (Neurontin) and Carbamazepine (Tegretol) are two anticonvulsants that are prescribed to help treat IC (by targeting the spasms and contractions of the pelvic muscles), as well as other associated conditions such as Vulvodynia and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction.

Antihistamines

A classification of medication (either over the counter or prescription) the counter or aims to halt the activity of histamine in the body. Antihistamines are often used in the treatment of IC as many IC patients are found to have abnormally high levels of histamines (found in mast cells) in their bladders (bladder walls). Antihistamines such as Hydroxyzine (Atarax and Vistaril) have been shown to significantly decrease the severity of IC symptoms by blocking the body’s release of histamine from the mast cells. As histamine is an inflammation-provoking substance (chemical) released from mast cells antihistamines are used to combat the excessive production of histamine in the bladders of IC patients and ideally reduce or eliminate the inflammation process.

Antigen

An immune response producing substance, typically a carbohydrate or protein that is not of the body (foreign) that is capable of producing allergic reactions.

Antimicrobials (Medications)

Medication intended to prevent, stop (halt the production), or kill the growth of microorganisms. Various microorganisms can be harmful or even deadly to the body including certain fungi, bacteria, and viruses.

Antioxidant

A chemical that is able to (posses the ability to) neutralize free radical molecules. These molecules are unstable chemicals capable of creating tissue damage. Free radicals are thought to play a role in the development of cancer as they damage the DNA of cells.

Antiseptic

A medication that upon contact is able to kill/destroy microorganisms. Antiseptics do not usually have good tissue penetration abilities, and are therefore better suited to treat urinary tract infections rather than IC.

Asymptomatic

Displaying, having or finding no observable symptoms or signs.

Asymptotic Bacteriuria

A form of bacteria found in urine that does not produce the typical (“normal”) symptoms/signs of a bladder infection (urinary tract infection).

Augmentation Cystoplasty

A surgical procedure in which all but the base of the bladder and the urethra is removed from the body. A segment of bowel (intestine) id used to create a new “bladder”, which allows patients to void (urinate/pee) in a normal manner (through the urethra). Mysteriously many IC patients who undergo this operation find that heir IC symptoms return in the new bladder. Indicating perhaps that IC is related to factors other than just the actual bladder itself, such as nerve connection of substances in urine.

Autoimmune (Autoimmune disease)

A medical condition which causes the immune system to produce (create) antibodies against the body’s own tissues/organs/cells. Some autoimmune diseases are nonfatal, while others do (sadly) lead to fatality, as the body essentially destroys itself. Examples of autoimmune diseases include, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Lupus), Psoriasis, Scleroderma, Crohn's Disease, Type 1 or immune-mediated diabetes mellitus, Pernicious anemia, and Sjogren's syndrome among others.

Autonomic nervous system

Consisting of two parts, the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary functions in the body such as breathing and the G.I. tract (gastrointestinal). Failure or disruption of such functions can be severely dangerous and/or fatal.

Terms beginning with the letter B

Bacteria

Single celled micro-organisms. Bacteria can exist in one of two forms, either free living (independent) or dependent upon host cells or organisms in order to sustain themselves. Certain bacteria can cause or lead to infection (like urinary tract infections) and are most often treated with antibiotics.

Bacterial Cystitis

Infection and often inflammation of the bladder which is caused by the presence of bacteria.

Belly

See abdomen.

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)

Enlargement of the prostate gland, which often occurs naturally as patients age. For some patients this may cause an obstruction in the normal urine flow, and require medical attention.

Benzodiazepines

A classification of medications used in the treatment of muscles spasms and anxiety, such as Xanax and Valium. Benzodiazepines may be prescribed in the treatment of IC, however they may be habit forming (addictive) and carry the risk of numerous side effects such as nausea and loss of coordination. The prescription of benzodiazepines should be closely regulated and watched by a trained health care provider.

Bicarbonate

A salt that occurs naturally in several chemical compounds. Bicarbonate of soda, or baking soda as it is more commonly known has antacid properties as well as the ability to raise the pH level of urine. Some IC patients (not those on a salt restricted diet, as bicarbonate of soda is fairly high in salt content), find that taking baking soda in water as means of reducing acid in their bodies or prior to eating a food which might aggravate their bladders can prove helpful in reducing IC symptoms.

Biofeedback

A method or technique in which a patient learns to consciously exert control over involuntary responses (like the movements of your pelvic floor muscles) or functions, by monitoring it with the aid of an electronic device. Biofeedback aims to help the patient decrease pain or negative symptoms in a certain area of the body by teaching how to control the muscles in that area and reduce tension/spasms/pain.

Biopsy

The act of taking a small piece of tissue from an area of the body (typically done with a needle, forceps or during surgery) for the purpose of medical analysis. Biopsies of the bladder should always be carried out under some form of anesthesia. Bladder biopsies help to rule out the possibility of cancer or other diseases of the bladder when determining if a patient has IC.

Bladder

The organ in which urine is collected and stored until being dispelled via the urethra. The bladder is a pouch (balloon like in shape) of flexible, thin muscles and tissue; it is capable of holding 12-16 ounces of urine if it is functioning properly.

The bladder wall is made of four layers. Firstly the thin mucus (lining) membrane known as the glycosaminoglycan or GAG layer, followed by an epithelial lining. Third a layer of connective tissue and lastly the outer muscular layer, known as the detrusor. The bladder is the organ most affected by IC. IC may cause severe damage to the bladder; symptoms include a decrease in bladder size, ulcers known as Hunner’s ulcers and/or pinpoint bleeding of the GAG layer, urinary frequency and urinary urgency as well as a sensation of intense constant pressure in the bladder-all of these symptoms can prove highly painful and uncomfortable for the IC patient.

Bladder Capacity

The amount of fluid (liquid) a bladder is capable of holding whilst they are awake (conscience).

Bladder cocktail

A procedure in which certain medications are administered directly into the bladder via a catheter. A bladder cocktail is typically a mixture of several medication including DMSO, Heparin, sodium bicarbonate, marcaine and possibly steroids. This procedure is most often carried out by a doctor or trained healthcare provider.

Bladder holding protocol (Bladder training/Bladder retraining program)

Exercises (techniques) used to help improve urinary frequency, by slowly increasing the duration of time between voids (urinating). Carried out over a period of several weeks or months and often done with the help of a trained therapist. Ideally a patient will be able to reach a “normal” voiding pattern, such as the number of times they voided prior to developing IC. This technique does not always work for everybody, especially those for whom pain is the most prevalent factor of his or her IC.

Bladder Infection

A bacterial infection of the bladder. Also known as Cystitis, Common Cystitis, or Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). A bladder infection, unlike Interstitial Cystitis, will typically be determined through noticeable strains of bacteria in a patient’s urine sample. Antibiotics are commonly prescribed to eradicate the infection, however some patients have reoccurring or “chronic” bladder infections that require further medical attention. IC patients may still contract a bladder infection, despite already having a “damaged” or “diseased” bladder.

Bladder neck

The area at the base (bottom) of the bladder where the bladder muscles meet/converge to form the urethra, and through which urine leaves the body via the urethra.

Bladder-sphincter dyssynergy

A lack or disruption in the coordination between the bladder muscles and the urethral sphincter.

Bladder surface membrane

The lining of the bladder that protects the bladder (wall) surface. The bladder surface membrane helps to protect the bladder surface from harmful (noxious) chemicals in the urine and to prevent/stop bacteria from adhering to the bladder surface.

Bradykinin

A peptide that widens blood vessels and promotes blood flow. Bradykinins stimulate certain pain receptors in the body and aid in smooth muscle constriction.

Terms beginning with the letter C

Capsaicin

Capsaicin is the ingredient in many varieties of hot peppers that gives them their intense heat. It is a unique ingredient because capsaicin adheres to certain receptors in the body and releases neurotransmitters. This reaction initially causes pain/discomfort/irritation followed in some circumstances by desensitisation of the nerve fibres, which causes natural pain relief. First tried in Italy, capsaicin has experimentally been instilled directly into the bladders of a small number of IC patients. Due to its lacklustre success rate however, this therapy has yet to implemented on a larger scale.

Case study

The investigation, research or observation of one person who is being treated with a certain medication, technique or procedure. Case studies may lead to larger (controlled) studies.

Cataplexy

A sudden loss of muscular strength, whilst still remaining conscience. Cataplexy may, in some circumstances be brought on or triggered by extremes of emotion (anger, etc), excitement or stress (such as a high risk situation).

Catecholamine

Catecholamine is a nitrogen containing neurotransmitter that affect several functions including smooth muscle control. Examples of catecholamines include dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine it is thought that excessive amounts of stress or anxiety may trigger increased catecholamine levels in the body.

Catharsis

A sudden or instantaneous release of feelings/emotions that may be brought on by discussing or rehashing traumatic or important events in one’s life.

Catheter

A thin, narrow tube that is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. Catheter gage number is ranked by “French” the higher the French the wider the catheter is. Catheters are used to drain liquid from or instil liquids/gases into the body.

Causalgia

A symptom of strong burning pain, allodynia, and hyperpathia following a traumatic nerve lesion.

Central nervous system

The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord. It is a highly evolved system of nerves which carry signals (impulses) from the brain to various parts of the body. Current theories hold the the CNS is likely involved with IC, though how exactly so is not definitely known yet.

Chemical Cystitis

Inflammation which is caused by chemicals that may have come in contact with or been administered into the bladder directly.

Cholinergic

Nerve ending that give-off the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Chronic

Lasting or persisting for an extended period of time. IC is categorized as a chronic illness/condition (the development of IC may however be acute) as it’s duration, though variable, may last for several years or for the remainder a patient’s lifespan. (Note: chronic is also a slang term for the drug marijuana.)

Chronic bacteria Prostatitis (Prostatitis Category II)

A severe bacterial infection of the prostate gland. Symptoms include frequent urinary tract infections, testicular pain and pain in the perineum and lower back.

Chronic pain

Pain that serves no practical function yet continues to exist (for long periods of time) in a patient. Interstitial Cystitis pain is often classified as chronic pain.

Circadian rhythms

Twenty four hour cycles of change in sleep, activity and metabolism.

Classic IC

An outdated term used to describe IC with the presence of Hunner’s ulcers. For a long time Hunner’s ulcers were thought to be the only (or most likely) proof that a patient did in fact have IC. Today we know that this is far from being the case, as only about 10% of IC patients develop Hunner’s ulcers.

Clorpactin WCS-90 ® (sodium oxychlorosene)

A chemical which posses a similar chemical make-up to common bleach. At one time Clorpactin was used as a back-up line of treatment for patients who did not respond to, or had negative experiences with other intravesical IC treatments, such as DMSO. This extremely painful treatment is thought to give off a detergent action, therefore possibly destroying (pain causing) nerve endings in the bladder wall. Today Clorpactin is rarely used, and most patients who do try this treatment experience an increase in their IC symptoms following administration.

Clustering

A symptom in which the belly (tummy), lower part of the abdominal and or the sub-pubic (upper) region are inexplicably tender, swollen, and sensitive to pressure or touch. This symptom was one that the IC patient did not likely experience before developing Interstitial Cystitis. Seen also in patients with Pelvic Floor Dysfunction and Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Collagen

Fibrous protein which aids in the formation of connective tissue.

Comorbidity

The presence of two or more illnesses/diseases existing at the same time in one person.

Congenital abnormality

A condition, medical problem or functional problem present at birth. Congenital abnormalities may resolve themselves, though they may also last for many years or for a patient’s entire lifespan.

Connective Tissue

Mainly composed of collagen, protein, and fibroblast cells connective tissue joins together different structures in the body and occurs in large quantities within the muscles and skin.

Continence

The successful ability to store urine until an appropriate situation arises to expel it (urinate).

Contraindication

A factor, condition or reason which shows evidence that a certain medication, therapy or treatment is inappropriate or unsuitable for a (particular) patient.

Cortisol

A hormonal steroid that aids in regulation of metabolism; produced by the adrenal glands. The synthetic form of cortisol, hydrocortisone contains powerful anti-inflammatory properties. As such hydrocortisone is often prescribed in the treatment of skin irritations and topical allergic reactions.

Control group

A group of participants used in a study. These people are not administered any form of actual treatment (in other words a placebo is given). Control groups are used to help determine the actual affects of a treatment upon larger numbers patients.

Cox-2 Inhibitor

A recently developed anti-inflammation medication; similar to NSAIDs in terms of pain relieving properties. Cox-2 Inhibitors block the inflammatory enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (cox), yet leaves the cox-1 enzyme (which helps to protect the stomach lining) unscathed. Cox-2 Inhibitors are being studied as a possible IC treatment.

Culture and sensitivity test

A urine test used to identify the presence of bacteria in the urine, as well as identifying the specific antibiotic treatments that may prevent or halt and inhibit any further spreading of the harmful bacteria.

Cyst

An abnormal sac which contains semisolid, fluid or gaseous material. Cyst may form almost anywhere in the body. The size and severity of the cyst (or multiple cysts) will vary greatly depending on the location and duration of the cyst in each patient.

Cystectomy

Surgical removal of the bladder. Following a Cystectomy an artificial bladder may be created from a small section of the patient’s intestine, or urine may be rooted out of the body (via, again a piece of intestine) through a stoma. This extreme form of treatment is only used as an absolute last resort for IC patients, and typically only those with severely shrunken bladder capacities, bladder wall stiffening/scarring, and debilitating pain are considered candidates for Cystectomy.

Cystometry

A Urodynamic test in which the bladder is instilled (filled via catheter) with liquid, commonly water, and subsequently expelled after changes in pressure have been monitored by a special electronic monitor. This test, which can be very helpful in properly reaching a diagnosis of IC, measures both the bladder’s capacity and it’s ability to empty itself.

Cystits

A catchall term referring to inflammation of the bladder. Cystitis is typically broken down into further more descriptive and accurate categories.
See also Bacterial Cystitis, Bladder Infection, Chemical Cystitis.

Cystocoele

Also known as a dropped bladder. Cystocoele is a heriation of the bladder into the vagina. This condition may require surgery to treat (reverse) it.

Cystoscope

A thin narrow device (two types: Ridged and flexible) with a light and a camera attached to it that is used to see inside the bladder.

Cystoscopic

The act of viewing the inside of the bladder with a cystoscope via the urethra.

Cystourethrocele

Heriation of part or the urethra into the vagina. This condition may require surgical treatment in order to correct it.

Cytokines

A classification of substances that are created (produced) by cells in the immune system. Cytokines can play a part in immune response. Cytokines may also be artificially created using DNA technology and administered to patients whose immune systems are damaged or malfunctioning.

Terms beginning with the letter D

Degranulation

When referring to IC terminology, degranulation is the act of mast cells releasing granules (packets) of chemicals that cause inflammation.

Detrusor (Bladder Muscle)

The outer muscle layer of the bladder. The detrusor contracts in order to expel urine through the urethra.

Detrusor Hyper-reflexia

Over activity or instability of the detrusor muscles of the bladder. Detrusor Hyper-reflexia is caused by improper signals from the nerves to the bladder.

Detrusor pressure

A noticeable pressure in the bladder caused by the contraction of the detrusor muscle (bladder muscle). This sensation may explain why many IC patients feel a heavy and some times constant pressure radiating from within their bladders.

Dopamine

A chemical substance: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter (one of the catecholamines) located in the brain, synthesized from tyrosine an essential amino acid obtained through diet. Dopamine aids in regulating movement, balance, and walking. In drug form (such as Dopastat) dopamine is used in the treatment of hypotension and shock.

Dysesthesia

A term used to refer to pain or sensation which is in some way abnormal, regardless of if that sensation was evoked or spontaneous.

Dysmenorrhea

Difficult and or painful menstruation. Female IC patients often experience a rise in the severity of their symptoms during menses, but this is more likely due to the pelvic bladder muscles then the actual uterus. Painful menstruation can be a hallmark sign for many other serious medical conditions such as Endometriosis and ovarian cysts.

Dyspareunia

The medical term used to describe pain that is felt in the vagina or pelvis during sexual activity. Dyspareunia is a common symptom of interstitial Cystitis, and may require medication, physiotherapy, or even certain medical procedures to alleviate it. IC patients find that dyspareunia may occur either during sex or following it’s completion (or both) and may last for several hours or even days at a time, making sex a very difficult activity. IC patients should be counseled that there are alternatives to vaginal-penile penetration available to be explored when it comes to making love, and reassured that they are still fully sexual beings even if penetration due to pain is not a possibility for them at the moment.

Terms beginning with the letter E

Efferent nerves

The nerves which are responsible for transmitting signals away from the central nervous system.

Electromyogramy/ Electromyogram (EMG)

A test that evaluates nerve and muscle function. EMG (one of the urodynamic tests) can help to determine the dysfunction level of the pelvic floor muscles, this is tested while bladder empties and fills.

Enuresis

The inability to properly control the flow of urine which results in the patient experiencing involuntary urination. “Bed wetting” is a common term to describe nighttime (nocturnal) enuresis. Enuresis is not per se the same thing as incontinence, and in fact is a symptom which many people (mainly children) grow out of as they get older.

Endorphin

A naturally occurring chemical produced in the brain, and which can be increased through aerobic activity. Endorphins are similar in the affects they produce to opioid mediations, as both can reduce pain.

Endoscopy

Use of an endoscopic device to internally examine (surgically) areas of the body. Types of Endoscopy include laprascopy which looks into the lower abdominal and subpubic area, and cystoscopy of the bladder.

Endoscopic Surgery

The act of performing surgery on a patient whilst they are undergoing endoscopy.

Epideriology

The study of the source, prevalence and distribution of a disease or medical factor in a given population. As well as the factors/reasons which may have contributed to the presence or lack thereof a disease.

Epidemiologist

A scientist or researcher who studies epideriology.

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter (catecholamine) chemical secreted and produced by the adrenal glands that may act as a (naturally occurring) stimulant. Affects of epinephrine include increased heart rate and blood pressure, among others. As a hormone it aids in breaking down glycogen (a polysaccharide) into glucose, or simple sugar. Epinephrine is available synthetically as well.

Epithelium

The topmost or superficial layer of cells which line or cover internal bodily surfaces, such as body cavities, tubes or hollow organs.

Estrogen

The main female sex hormone; estrogen is secreted from the ovaries. Estrogen is also found in men and some plant species. Estrogen is responsible for the menstrual cycle and breast development among others.

Etiology

The study of contributing factors or the cause of diseases/illnesses.

Terms beginning with the letter F

Fascia

A thin membrane formed by fibrous connective tissue. Fascia covers and adheres muscles together. Inflammation of the fascia is known as fasciitis.

Fasciculation

A symptom often seen in diseases/conditions which affect the peripheral nervous system; fasciculation involves twitching of the muscles in the peripheral nervous system.

Feline Urethral Syndrome (FUS)

A medical condition which occurs in cats. FUS is similar in some respects to IC.

Fiberoptic

When used in terms of medical science fiberoptics is light technology that enables physicians to look inside the body.

Fibrosis

Abnormal tissue growth or thickening in an organ due to injury, infection, inflammation or even the healing process; scar tissue.

Flare

An increase in the severity of a patient’s symptoms, being either of known or unknown origin or cause. For many with IC certain foods, lack of sleep, stress, and sexual activity (among other things) may cause a flare. Flares can last for a few hours, days or in severe cases (circumstances) in excess of several months.

Fulguration

To destroy something with electricity. The burning or destroying of tissue, done by applying electrical current via a needle shaped electrode.

Terms beginning with the letter G

Glomerulations

Also known as Petechial hemorrhages, glomerulations are small “pinpoint” hemorrhages which develop on the surface of the interior bladder wall Glomerulations are present in approximately 90% of IC patients and as such are a key factoring diagnosing IC. Commonly glomerulations are seen during hydrodistention of the bladder.

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) (Mucin)

In the bladder glycosaminoglycan refers to the mucous membrane lining of the bladder wall. Glycosaminoglycans are macromolecules found on the surface of eukaryotic cells, and are believed to be important components in the cell’s recognition of other cells or substrates. A properly functioning Glycosaminoglycan layer (GAG layer) is composed primarily of complex sugar molecules or mucopolysaccharides, it protects the deeper layers of the bladder from toxins in the urine and many forms (strains) of bacteria. However in the bladders of many IC patients the GAG layer appears to be defective /damaged, although the cause of this is I thus far unknown. Several treatments available for IC aim to rebuild or artificially reproduce” the GAG layer, these include Elmiron (Oral medication) and Heparin (instilled into the bladder directly).

Terms beginning with the letter H

Hematuria

The presence of blood in the urine. Blood found in urine is either Gross Hematuria meaning it (blood)can be seen by the naked eyes (without the aid of magnification; usually a serious sign of hemorrhage in the kidneys or bladder. Or Microscopic Hematuria meaning it is only detectable under microscopic investigation. Either form indicates that the bladder and or kidneys may be diseased or damaged in some capacity.

Heparin (naturally occurring)

A polysaccharide that occurs naturally in the body. Heparin aims to halt (block) the formation of blood clots by working as an anticoagulant by adhering to antiprothrombin III a protein which plays a vital role in the formation (development) of blood clots.

Heparin sodium

An anti-inflammatory and surface protecting medication derived from heparin. Heparin is often administered directly into the bladder of many IC patients, as it is believed to act in a similar fashion to the bladder’s own mucous lining, thereby providing a temporary repair of the glycosaminoglycan layer (GAG). As success has been seen with the use of heparin treatment it may be used on it’s own to combat IC or in conjunction with other forms of treatment.

Histamine

A chemical that is released by mast cells; this chemical is present in cells throughout the body and is released (or given off) when the body undergoes an allergic reaction to something. An abundance of mast cells often leads to inflammation, as the role of mast cells is to provoke/stimulate inflammation. Antihistamines are used to combat the histamines. As it is believed that many IC patients have excessive amounts of mast cells in their bladders (and perhaps entire bodies) antihistamines (like Hydroxyzine) are now being prescribed a treatment for IC, often in conjunction with other medications such as Elmiron (used to help rebuild/protect the GAG layer of the bladder) or Elavil (an antidepressant).

Histology

The biological study of the body’s cells, tissues and tissue structure as observed through a microscope. Histology may refer to both the study of plants and the study of animal tissues. A histologist is a scientist, doctor or researcher who studies histology.

Holistic (Wholistic)

A form of medical or compassionate treatment which focuses on the organic or functional relationship between certain parts or aspects of the body and the body as a whole.

Hormone

An endocrine secretion, commonly of the ovaries, testes, thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary glands, that is carried through the blood stream to the tissue or other cells of the body, where it will produce a specific effects or changes. Hormones accomplish many jobs in the body among them the promotion of growth (such as puberty), metabolism regulation and provide resistance to disease/illness. Imbalances in certain hormones can lead to serious medical condition which require appropriate treatment.

Hormonal therapy

Specific treatment to block/halt/alter the action(s) of certain hormones in the body.

Hunner’s Ulcers (Hunner’s patches)

A red patch or patches/splotches that are visible during Cystoscopic examination, they may have central ridges or scaring and may also secrete blood. Hunner’s ulcers appear on the interior bladder wall surface; caused by intense inflammation. Hunner’s ulcers are named so because Dr. Guy Hunner (an American urologist) first formally noted them in 1915. Upwards of ten percent of IC patients have Hunner’s ulcers, and those that do are often referred to as having classic IC, as the presence of Hunner’s ulcers used to be the main diagnostic finding for determining whether or not a patient had IC. Doctors have since realized that vast majority of IC patients do not have Hunner’s ulcers, and that the lack of Hunner’s ulcers does not exclude a patient from receiving a diagnosis of IC.

Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of a woman’s uterus. Hysterectomy can be either total or partial (also called supra-cervical hysterectomy).

Hydrodistention (hydrodistention of the bladder)

The instillation of fluid (liquid) directly into the bladder via a cystoscope, whilst the patient is under anesthesia in order to aid in the diagnosis of Interstitial Cystitis (IC). Hydrodistension is particularly useful in determining whether a patient has glomerulations (Petechial hemorrhages) as the bladder is expanded during hydrodistension and thus the surface of the bladder wall is more visible. Hydrodistension may also be used as a form of treatment for IC as some patients find they experience symptom relief or temporary remission after undergoing a hydrodistension that may last for several weeks.

Hyperalgesia

An increase in the response to a stimulus that is typically painful or pain provoking. This term is used often used when a patient has pain at “normal” or increased threshold, such as those with neuropathy. Hyperalgesia is thought to occur as a result of perturbation of the nociceptive system with peripheral or central sensation, or both.

Hyperesthesia

A term used when both a diminished threshold to any stimulus and an increase in response to stimuli that are normally recognized (not bothersome to the patient) are present.

Hypermobility

The inability to provide proper support for the urethra and bladder neck, resulting in a dropped bladder neck (when any pressure is applied to the area, such as the normal filling of urine in the bladder) which leads to involuntary urine leakage. Hypermobility is caused by the pelvic floor muscles inability to provide the necessary support of these organs, this may occur as a result of injury to the area, post operatively, or develop of no known cause on it’s own.

Hyperpathia

The abnormally painful/sensitive reaction to a stimulus, in particular a stimulus which is repeated, as well as an increased (pain) threshold. This symptom can occur in conjunction with allodynia, hyperesthesia, hyperalgesia, or dysesthesia.

Hypersensitivity

Extreme or heightened sensitivity of a nerve or nerves, that occurs as a result of some form of stimulus. Many allergies are a result of hypersensitivity. IC patients are believed to have hypersensitive bladder surfaces, which contributes to the continual and often very painful feelings of bladder fullness and general discomfort (pain) in the bladder, even when the bladder contains only a minimal amount of urine.

Hypoalgesia

A decrease or diminishment of pain in response to a typically painful or uncomfortable stimulus.

Hypoesthesia

A decrease in sensitivity to a stimulus, excluding the five senses, also know as the special senses: taste, touch, sight, hearing, and smell. It’s worth pointing out that touch is now becoming more commonly considered a somatic sense, and that the sense of equilibrium is sometimes classified as a special sense.

Hypotension

The sudden decrease in blood pressure. Hypotension may result in dizziness, light-headedness, loss of equilibrium, and or fainting. While some people have normal than lower blood pressures naturally, it is typically thought that blood pressure should be above 100 mmHg of systolic pressure and 50 mmHg above diastolic pressure.

Hypoxia

A lack or depletion of oxygen delivered to the cells and tissues. A serious medical condition resulting from abnormally low amount of oxygen being carried by the blood steam. Hypoxia may occur as a result of being at extremely high altitudes then a person is normally accustomed to being at, and thusly is sometime experienced by mountain climbers. Extended hypoxia may lead to tissue death or unusual tissue function.

Terms beginning with the letter I

IC

An abbreviation of the words “Interstitial Cystitis”. “ICers” is a term which is commonly used by IC patients, advocates and urologists to refer to people with IC.

IC belly

A symptom in which the belly (tummy), lower part of the abdominal and or the sub-pubic (upper) region inexplicably tender, swollen, and sensitive to pressure or touch. This symptom was one the patient did not likely experience before developing IC. Seen also in patients with Pelvic Floor Dysfunction and Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

ICer-ology

A listing of terms, ideas, procedures, etc associated with Interstitial Cystitis that may not be scientifically classified or recognized by popular medicine. These terms are often commonplace in the vocabulary of those with IC and include phrases and terms like “IC belly” and “urine burn” ( see both, respectively).
Idiopathic

Lacking a known cause, pertaining to a disease, illness, condition, or symptom. IC is idiopathic, as it has unfortunately, no known cause at this point in time.

Ileal Conduct (Ileal Conduct loop)

The surgical process of diverting urine from the bladder via a conduit (tube) fashioned (created) from a piece of the patient’s own intestine known as the ileum. Urine then proceeds to flow from the ureters through the ileum. A stoma (opening) is created to allow urine to drain from the ileum in the abdomen into a plastic collection bag that is attached to outside (external) abdomen itself.

Immune cells

Cells that are produced naturally in our bodies to ward-off harmful “invaders” such as viruses. Immune cells aid in the body’s protection against disease causing agents (such as harmful bacteria). These cells produce antibodies to help combat disease, infection and illness. This process is called immune response. The primary tissues involved in immune response are the lymphatic tissue, the thymus and bone marrow.
In some cases a person may develop a autoimmune disease/disorder, wherein the body’s immune system is no longer able to tell foreign particles from the body’s own cells. When this occurs the body attacks it’s own tissues and cells and may require the use of immunosuppressant medication such as cortisols like Orasone and Meticorten that are anti-inflammatory drugs.

Incontinence

The inability to properly control bladder urination. Incontinence is categorized as either being Stress Incontinence which occurs when pressure is applied to the body such as during coughing, sneezing, bending or lifting heavy objects. Urge Incontinence on the other hand is an intense need to urinate that may result in the inability to control one’s bladder function properly.

Inflammation

The body’s natural response to damage, disease or injury of the tissue. Signs/symptoms of inflammation include redness, swelling, heat, and pain of a particular area and may cause the patient to experience fever, chills or even go into shock. Inflammation is often treated with anti-inflammatory medications such as Celebrex, Indocid, Aspirin, Naprosyn, and Ultradol. The bladder of almost all IC patients is inflamed to some degree and may be largely responsible for pain that is felt to radiate from the bladder itself.

Interferon

An antiviral protein discovered in 1957 by Alick Isaacs, which is produced by cells that have been attacked by a virus. Interferon stimulates the creation of many different disease combatant blood cells (antibodies) found in the immune system.

Interleukins

Belonging to a family of cytokines, interleukins stimulate and promote the growth nd behaviors of some varieties of white blood cells and as such are used in certain types of biological therapy.

Intermittent Catheterization

Also known as self-intermittent catheterization (SIC), this procedure involves emptying the bladder via a urethral catheter several times a day because the bladder no longer empties properly on it’s own. As such the patient may carry out this technique himself or herself.

Internal Urinary Pouch

The term used for a segment of intestine (bowel) that has been used to produce a new means by which to hold urine (instead of the actual bladder), a secondary piece of intestine connects the new pouch to the patient’s skin. The internal urinary pouch is emptied many times daily, using intermittent catheterization.

Interstitial Laser

A laser probe which is used to destroy obtrusive prostatic tissue, thus enabling easier urination.

Intravenous Pyelogram

Specific x-rays that are used to see the ureters and kidneys directly, this is done by introducing certain medication into the blood stream, the contrast of the medication to the organs allows the urinary tract and kidneys to be seen by an x-ray machine. This procedure is used to rule out the possibility of having conditions such as tumors of the bladder and kidney stones.

Intravesical Instillation

The act (procedure) of directly introducing medication or liquid into the bladder via a catheter. Intravesical instillation may be carried out at home by an IC patient, depending on the circumstances of their case.

Intravesical

Inside of the bladder, when used in reference to urology. When IC treatments are administered into the bladder via a catheter, they are said to be placed in the bladder intravesically.

Intravesical pressure

The accumulative sum of pressure from the bladder’s own contents, outside pressure such as tight pelvic floor muscles or pressure from a quick jolt or movement such as laughing or sneezing.

Intrinsic Sphincter Deficiency (ISD)

A term used to describe the process wherein the muscles of the urethral sphincter become weakened.

Iontophoresis

In medical terminology iontophoresis means to use electrical energy to aid in the transportation of medication to a tissue.

Ischemia

Insufficient blood supply or local anemia to an organ or body part. Ischemia may occur as a result of vasoconstriction or embolism.

Invasive procedure

A medical procedure, treatment or technique that involves entering the body by means of incision or by inserting an instrument directly through the patient’s skin.

Terms beginning with the letter J

No such terms at this time

Terms beginning with the letter K

Kidney stones

Hard formations of urine elements that develop in the kidneys; also known as calculi. Kidney stones are a serious condition that may require medical treatment to rid the patients of the stone or stones. A produce called lithotripy may be used to rid a patient of kidney stones. This involves using ultrasonic waves to break up the kidney stones in the urinary tract, so that the fragmented pieces can be passed through and expelled from the body via urination.

Kegel Exercises

A technique develop to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles in the hope of controlling (involuntary) urination and to prevent urine leakage. Kegel exercises help to increase blood flow to the genital area, strengthen and tone the pelvis muscles and the muscles of the vaginal canal, aid in the prevention of incontinence as well as prolapses, and have proven useful in the treatment of conditions like vaginismus and dyspareunia (pain on vaginal intercourse).

The easiest way to locate and familiarize your self with your kegel muscles is to stop the flow of your urine midstream. In doing this you are using your PC muscles. It is important to note that you should only use this technique in order to become familiar with your PC muscles, as it can do harm to your urinary system to stop the flow of urine repeatedly, this is especially true for IC patients.

Once you recognize which muscles to use while doing kegel exercises you are ready to slowly begin doing kegels. It is recommended to do kegels with an empty or only slightly full bladder. First try to firmly squeeze your PC muscles for a count of about 3 seconds, then relax and release the muscles. Try this a few times but do not over excerpt yourself as you are learning how to do kegels. Depending on the health of your pelvis floor muscles and your bladder you may not be able to do kegels at all due to the pain factor, or it ma be better for you to learn other techniques, perhaps guided by a trained physiotherapist. If you are able to do kegels (remember if something hurts, stop!) slowly build up the number of kegels you are able to do daily. Some people do several small reps (repetitions of the same action or exercise) of kegels a day, while other prefer to do, say 25 or 30 kegels at a time per day.

The logic behind kegels is that over time you will strengthen these muscles and have better control over them, which may aid in pain reduction and urinary control among other things. It is generally recommended that Kegels me done in a sitting position, however as no special equipment is required they can be done anywhere, such as a the office or while waiting at a red traffic light. It’s worth noting that many people (both men and women can do kegels) who do not have any problems/conditions of the pelvic floor and related areas do kegels as well, s it is thought to help improve your sexual health and well being.

KUB

Acronym for the kidneys, ureters and the bladder.

Terms beginning with the letter L

Lactobacillus Acidophilus

A form of bacteria typically found in the vagina, intestines and mouth which aids in the maintenance of the normal or “healthy” environment of their respective tissues by producing lactic acid. Lactobacillus Acidophilus can be taken as a supplement in order to maintain healthy levels of it in your body; it is available at most vitamin and naturopathic shops.

Lamina Propria

A thin layer of connective (membranous) tissue separating the bladder muscle from the bladder lining.

Laparoscopy

The surgical procedure of inserting a telescope called a laparoscope into the abdominal cavity through a tiny incision in order to examine it (the abdominal cavity and adjacent area). This procedure (which is almost always carried out under general antithesis) is often done when examining a patient for the precess of endometriosis.

L-arginine

An over the counter amino acid (and nutritional supplement) which is being studied as a possible treatment for IC. L-arginine is thought to relax smooth muscles and decrease pain. Conflicting findings as to the effectiveness of L-arginine conclude that further investigations into the use of L-arginine as an IC treatment are certainly needed.

Laser surgery

In terms of the bladder, laser surgery may be used in the treatment of bladder cancer and to treat Hunner’s ulcers by heating and destroying the protein of cells in a specific portion of he bladder wall with wavelengths of radiation. The laser used for thee two treatment options is the neodymium, or on-contact laser.

Leukotriences

Cells that foster localized tissue inflammation.

Lumbar Sympathetic Block (LSB)

A procedure in which local anesthesia is injected into the epidural space (the area surrounding the outside of the spinal cord) in the lumbar region of the spine (lower). This creates a loss of sensation in this region and helps to block pain.

Lumen

The hollow area of a canal, duct or cavity of a tubular organ.

Lymph node

A small round or oval shaped mass of lymphatic tissue that stores special cells which are able to trap cancer cells or bacteria within the body as well as filtering lymphatic fluid.

Lymphatic system

The tissues and organs that produce, store and transport disease and infection combating (white blood) cells. The lymphatic system includes bone marrow, the spleen, thymus and the lymph nodes.

Terms beginning with the letter M

Marker

In medical terminology a marker is a definitive diagnostic sign that a disease is present or may develop. A marker is an identifiable spot (location) on a chromosome. Thus far no marker (or markers) has been found for Interstitial Cystitis, however researchers are attempting to locate an IC marker.

Mast cells

Bodily cells that contain chemicals like histamine, prostaglandin and typtase, as well as other chemicals that trigger allergic reactions. Mast cells are inflammatory cells due to the fact that they release their contents into surrounding tissue (this is called degranulation). As the contents of mast cells are typically irritating to the tissue they come in contact with inflammation occurs. For reasons which researchers have not yet been able to precisely determine, elevated levels of mast cells are often present in the bladders of IC patients (this symptom has been dubbed detrusor mastocytosis). Biopsies of most IC patients show mild to moderate levels of inflammation, and those who have “classic IC”, IC with the presence of Hunner’s ulcers almost always have even higher levels of inflammation which has created scarring (fibrosis) of their bladder walls.

In order to help lower these high levels of mast cells medications called antihistamines (such as Hydroxyzine) maybe prescribed.

Meatus

From the Latin word for “opening”, in urological terms the meatus is the term given to the urethral opening above the vagina in women and the tip of the penis in men.

Menorrhagia

Menstrual periods which are abnormally long in length or heavy (in terms of blood loss).

Metastasis

The spread of disease from one body part or organ to another part/organ/area, such as when cancer spreads from organ to another within the same person.

Micturition

The process of discharging (expelling) urine; to urinate.

Mixed incontinence

When a patient suffers from both urge and stress incontinence simultaneously. See also Incontinence.

Mucin

See Glycosaminoglycan (GAG).

Mucopolysaccharide

A complex carbohydrate molecule (polysaccharide) found in numerous body areas, including the bladder lining. As such medications like Elmiron and Heparin are considered Mucopolysaccharides because they imitate and aim to help heal the (damaged/wounded) GAG lining of the IC bladder.

Mucosa

A thin lining found on many bodily surfaces which releases a protective, slimy substance known as Mucin. In the bladder the mucosa is the thin inner lining that makes contact with the urine and is guarded by the bladder surface Mucin.

Mucosal layer (Urothelium)

The innermost layer (lining) of the bladder, urethra and the ureters.

Myalgia

The sensation/feeling of pain in a muscle or group of muscles. (So hence its usage in the word Fibromyalgia.)

Myofascial release

A message technique which centers around specific trigger points that have developed in muscles due to over stimulation, chronic pain or injury. This treatment is usually carried out by a trained physical therapist.

Myopathy

A general term for diseases that involves muscular tissue and which typically results in atrophy and weakness.

Terms beginning with the letter N

Narcotic (also known as Opioid analgesics & CNS Depressants)

In terms of medical treatment narcotics are pain-suppressing medications that affect the activity of the central nervous system by reducing or eliminating pain. However due to their strength and ingredients narcotics can cause a patient to become addicted or dependant upon them. For this and other reasons narcotics are used and prescribed only in extremely serious cases of pain.

National Institute of Health (NIH)

The American federal government agency that studies and funds research on diseases and health related matters. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) is the subsection which funds IC and bladder research.

Neurology

The study of the nervous system and the nerves. A person who studies neurology as their chosen ranch of medical science is a neurologist.

Neuropeptides

Protein-like molecules which are created in the brain. Neuropeptides are comprised of short chains of amino acids, some work as neurotransmitters others function as hormones. Neuropeptides have a strong influence (effect) on pain mechanisms in the body and on muscles. Neuropeptides are comprised of short chains of amino acids, some work as neurotransmitters others function as hormones.

Neuritis

The inflammation of a single nerve or of a grouping of nerves.

Neurostimulation or Neuromodulation

A technique that involves electronically stimulating the nerves. Neurostimulation is used to treat a wide variety of pain-predominate medical conditions and has recently garnered success in the treatment in of some IC patients and others who have bladder functioning abnormalities/difficulties. For IC patients who opt to try neurostimulation electrical energy is usually applied to a spinal nerve. As a result the function of that nerve can be altered; they may decrease pain transmission though the spine or aid in lowering the bladders excessive reflexive contractions (spasms).

The most used form of neurostimulation in the treatment of urinary/bladder problems is Interstim Therapy (FDA approved), which works by (surgically) connecting a nerve (technically the nerve which is being stimulated flows through one of numerous holes in the scrum which are called the sacral foramina, and the wire is put along side the nerve in that area) in the lower back (the sacrum) to a tiny pacemaker type device that provides constant electrical stimulation to the patient. The implant is fueled by batteries which need replacing every few years. Interstim therapy has shown positive results as it often creates better (more “healthy”) tone of the pelvic floor muscles, therefore reducing PFD pain, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, constipation and lower back pain.

Like a heart pacemaker, a neurostimulation device is surgically implanted and may result in complications or additional surgeries to correct problems the patient may be experiencing with the device. It is certainly not for everyone, yet at the same time it is certainly worth investigating if you have tried several other routes and had little or no success. The website for Interstim is Medtronic.

It’s worth pointing out that there are also other neurostimulation devices available in the treatment of urinary/bladder/pelvic floor muscle problems and new ones are being tested such as the Per Q Sans (Stroller Afferent Nerve Stimulator). This device (FDA approved) stimulates a nerve above the ankle with a special needle that is connected to an electrical stimulation unit. Therapy is then administered weekly for 3 months. The Per Q Sans device aims to reduce urinary urgency (including urinary urge incontinence) and frequency.

Neurotransmitter

A chemical that acts as a catalyst between cells in the nervous system and the brain. Neurotransmitters convey impulses across the gaps between neurons, or body parts like the muscles or glands.

Nocturia

The medical term used to refer to act of waking to void (urinate), which occurs specifically at night. Waking more then two times a night in order to void is considered a telltale sign of Interstitial Cystitis, and often proves to be one of the most problematic symptoms for many patients, who find it almost (if not completely) impossible to get a proper nights rest.

Nonbacterial Prostatitis, category IIIA (Also known as Male Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome)

Prostrate inflammation that does not have any obvious bacterial source.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

A classification of medications which share the common characteristic of being antipyretic (medication which acts to relieve or lower fever), analgesic (a pain relieving/reducing drug) and anti-inflammatory. This is accomplished by interfering with the synthesis of prostaglandins (members of a very active substances in the organs which directly affect the organs and play a part in stimulating uterine contractions as well as stimulating inflammation). NSAIDS are used to treat a wide array of medical problems which cause the patient mild to moderate pain, such as fever, toothaches, menstrual pain and arthritis-basically conditions which involve some form of inflammation. Aspirin is probably the most recognized NSAID

Traditionally though NSAIDS have sometimes had a negative affect on patients’ stomach lining, and many can cause upset stomachs or even stomach ulcers (from prolonged usage) because they also inhibit cox-1 which is an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins which are beneficial to the health and maintenance of the kidneys and stomach lining. However a new group of NSAIDS is being developed which creates far less stomach complications; this group of medications are known as cox-2 inhibitors (cox-2 is an enzyme that create inflammation producing prostaglandins) such as Celebrex, Ibuprofen and Naproxen.

Some IC patients find relief in NSAIDS for their pain and/or muscular problems, especially those who do not have extremely high pain levels. Patients often use NSAIDS as a first line of defence as some such as Ibuprofen (Like Advil and Motrin) are available over the counter (without a prescription) and are relatively inexpensive. However not all IC patients extract any relief from NSAIDS and may require other forms of pain management and pain reducing medications and or (in severe cases) the use of opioids.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter located primarily in regions of the brain which control automatic nervous system activity, such as heart rate, blood vessel contraction and blood pressure.

Terms beginning with the letter O

Oligomenorrhea

Abnormally light or infrequent menstruation (periods) and/or menstrual cycles. Oligomenorrhea is not a sign of IC and may result from number of causes, ranging from improper nutrition to serious medical conditions.

Opioids

A classification of medicines which are extracted from, artificially created to mimic the effects of, or which contain opium. Opium has long been used as a potent pain reducing substance and comes from the seeds of certain poppy flowers. As they can result in dependency (due to the containment of opium a powerful narcotic drug) opioid usage must be closely monitored, and is used only to relieve severely intense pain. Types of opioids include hydrocodone, codeine and morphine. IC patients often have a very difficult time convincing doctors that their pain is “worthy” of opioid treatment, and as such many suffer needlessly from pain that could perhaps be lowered or eradicated. Part of the reason for this is that pain, as a symptom unto itself is difficult to gage and some physicians are understandably leery to prescribe such strong narcotics.

Outlet (of the bladder)

A term used to refer to the bladder neck, sphincter and urethra as a united mechanism.

Over active bladder or Unstable bladder

A neurological dysfunction or smooth muscle disease which results in urinary frequency, urgency and in some cases incontinence due to involuntary, uncontrollable muscle contractions that occur as the bladder is filling.

Terms beginning with the letter P

Pain

{Authors note: wow, pain is not something that is easily or readily defined by any means, I hope I do all who suffer its wrath justice in my description.}
Pain is a uncomfortable, abnormal sensation which can be felt (suffered) anywhere in the body, resulting from signs sent by the sensory nerve endings of the body. Pain is primarily classed into three distinct categories (or branches):

Neuropathic: The disruption or hypersensitivity of nerves as a result of numerous causes such as a primary lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system. Neuropathic pain is not a form of pain that appears frequently in the general population, it is over ever present in IC patients. Neuropathic pain is often treated with (tricyclic) antidepressants, anticonvulsants and antiarrhythmic medications.

Somatic: Pain which occurs in the structure/framework of the body, such as the skin, bones and muscles.

Visceral: Pain which is experienced/felt in the organs of the body.

IC patients typically experience all three types of pain, often combined. Pain is described, classified, and treated based upon several factors. The location (ie, bladder) where the pain is present. The quality or “feeling” of pain, words such as constant, local, diffuse, burning, stabbing, gnawing, dull, sharp, random, and throbbing may be used in order to gage the precise type of pain sensation. Radiation is used to describe the circumference of the pain, omitted from a central point (for example a bruise on your leg may hurt most if touched in the centre of the mark, however the surrounding skin and tissue might also be sensitive or painful). The frequency, how often the pain occurs (all the time, once a day, etc). Triggering factors, stimuli which may bring on pain, such as eating certain foods, exercise, stress or exposure to a allergenic agent. And lastly associates symptoms, for example bloating accompanying constipation.

For many with IC pain is one of the strongest, if not the most severe symptom they experience. This pain may radiate from the bladder, pelvic area or the urethra/urethral opening, or a combination of these places. For some the pain waxes and wanes dependant on many factors, such as diet and whether or not they are experiencing flare in their symptoms. For others pain is constant (without respite) and often feels like a very heavy pressure is being applied directly to the bladder, however no actual (external) pressure is being applied. Other pain associated with IC, includes a burning pain in the bladder and or urethra, which may be intensified whilst voiding and a throbbing or pulsating sensation of pain in the bladder.

A wide variety of medications and treatments are often tried by patients in order to achieve some pain relief, ranging from the use of NSAIDS to biofeedback to surgical options, like the use of neurostimulation implant. For those looking for less evasive routes, the use of T.E.N.S machine at home, as well as heat therapy (ie, soaking in a hot bathtub or applying a heating pad to the affected area) have proven successful with many IC patients.

A large percentage of IC patients experience moderate to extremely high levels of pain decrease by eliminating certain foods and beverages from their diet. A “standard” diet is in place called the IC diet-this diet promotes cutting back or removing completely many different foods from your eating habits. The prime dietary culprits for IC patients are typically caffeine, alcohol, citrus fruit, chocolate (white can be tolerated by some), tomatoes, certain preservatives such as MSG and aspartame, cranberry products and carbonated beverages. However a much longer list details the problematic IC foods. By eliminating or reducing the intake of these foods pain (and other IC symptoms like urinary frequency) is often reduced. Not all patients respond the same way to the IC diet, and some find that they may be able to consume certain “bad” or trigger foods, while others not listed as trigger foods produce an increase in their symptoms and/or pain.

Pain threshold

The lowest or least amount of pain that a patient can recognize.

Pain tolerance level

The highest level of pain that a patient can acceptably tolerate.

Painful Bladder Syndrome (PBS)

A term which is gaining recognition as an alternative (and some feel more appropriate) name for Interstitial Cystitis. In most urological circles, PBS is now used interchangeably with the term Interstitial Cystitis, though IC is still a name which is most certainly a core part of the urological vocabulary.

Parasympathetic nervous system

A part of the autonomic immune system where nerves control and regulate the involuntary smooth muscles such as the heart and bladder. As well the parasympathetic nervous system relaxes the sphincters (circular, ring like muscles) that open and close numerous passageways in the body.

Paresthesia
An abnormal sensation felt by the body that can be either evoked or spontaneous. Examples include tingling, burning or numbness.

Pee

A common word for urine; peeing is the act of urinating or voiding. Children often refer to going pee as “pee-peeing”.

Pelvic Floor Muscles

Muscles which give support to the bladder, uterus and other pelvic organs. Pelvic floor muscles are responsible for stopping the flow of urine by contacting these muscles, and can be strengthened by doing specific exercises such as Kegel exercises. Many IC patients experience problems with their pelvic floor muscles (often they suffer from a very real, very serious condition called Pelvic Floor Dysfunction); yet for many it appears to be a chicken and egg situation, as to which occurs first pelvic floor/pelvic muscle problems/abnormalities or IC, as both often “play” off of one another.

The pelvic floor muscles have a direct affect on IC, and may cause great difficulties for patients and require treatments to try to relax these tight/spasming muscles, such as muscle relaxing medications, biofeedback, physiotherapy, or use of a T.E.N.S machine.

Peptide

Two or more amino acids (that are the foundations of proteins) which form a molecular chain (a peptide bond). When peptides are combined they create proteins.

Perineometer

A device that measures the strength of a patient’s pelvic floor muscles, which was created by Dr. Arnold Kegel, who also developed Kegelexercises.

Perineum

The short area between the genitals (the vagina in women and the scrotum in men) and the anus. IC patients sometimes experience pain and discomfort in the perineum area, as do some women with the vulvar condition vulvodynia.

Peripheral nerve

A nerve located in the spinal region of the back.

Periphery

Relating to the body, periphery is the area where nerves end in a body part or region.

Periurethral bulking injections (PBI)

A procedure which uses injected implants to add (tissue) bulk to the area around the bladder neck (perirethrally) and urethra, in turn allowing it to resist increases in pressure from the abdomen. This is helpful for some who find that their abdomen pushes down onto their bladders causing urinary leakage (as with stress incontinence). Examples of PBIs are collagen (like Contigen) and carbon coated beads such as Durasphere.

Petechial Hemorrages (Glomerulations)

Hemorrages (small broken blood vessels) that develop on the skin or mucous membranes such as the lining of the bladder. Approximately 90% of IC patients have petechial hemorrages, which makes this symptom a clear diagnosis tool for determining whether or not a patient has IC. See also Glomerulations.

pH

An idea and term used in chemistry which is short for “potential for Hydrogen”. This notion indicates how alkaline or acidic a substance is on a scale from 0 (very acidic)-14 (very alkaline), 7 is the neutral middle ground (neither alkaline or acidic). Each number along the scale represents a value of ten times more acidic or alkaline. Some IC patients feel that when their urine is alkaline it is less bothersome and painful to their bladders. Over the counter products such as Tums, baking soda (bicarbonate of sodium), and Prelief are taken by many IC patients in an attempt to reduce or neutralize the acidity levels in their urine and increase the alkaline levels, and some are helped by these measures. There are many websites and even entire books and diets devoted to the study of acids and alkaline in the body.

Physiology

A biological branch of (medical) science which deals with the activities of numerous organ systems.

Piss

Piss is a somewhat crude word for urine. Pissing is therefore the act of urinating (also know as voiding or peeing).

Placebo

A treatment, pill (typically nothing more than a sugar pill) or medication which has no actual medical effect on the patients or test subject. Placebos are used in controlled studies (in controlled studies a two groups are studied one group of patients receives the actual medication which is the basis for the study, the other receives a placebo; this group is not aware that they are on a placebo) to help determine how effective a treatment really is or how patients fare with out the use of “real” medications.

Placebos are used because there are a number of variable factors when testing new forms of medical treatment. Some people who are part of the placebo group experience improvements in their symptoms despite the fact they are not actually using any real treatments, this has been termed the “Placebo Effect” and is thought to be a psychological phenomenon, or in other words the power of the mind in one’s own healing.

Plasma

The colourless or slightly tan/straw coloured liquid portion of blood, which contains cellular components such as hormones, proteins, salts, sugars, amino acids and certain fats. Plasma plays a vital role in maintaining acid/base balance in the body.

Polyp

A growth which protrudes (sticks out from) the lining of a mucous membrane like the intestine, or the bladder (usually around the bladder neck), resembling small fingers in shape. Typically polyps are benign, some do have the ability to become cancerous.

Post-void residual volume (PVR)

A diagnostic test which measures the volume of urine that remains in the bladder after a patient voids (urinates) as much as they are able to pass without the use of excess force (.

Potassium Sensitivity Test (PST)

A medical test used to help determine if a patient has IC or not, done by instilling firstly a solution of sterile water to determine a guideline of pain sensation felt by the patient, via a catheter into the bladder which in emptied (voided) and the patients pain rated on a scale of 0-5 (5 being extremely painful). Next a solution of potassium chloride and the same procedure repeated. The idea behind this test is that IC patients may have an abnormality of the bladder surface (wall) which allows noxious substances such as potassium and urea to be absorbed by the bladder, stimulating nerves and creating discomfort and inflammation to the bladder wall.

Progesterone

A hormone created in the adrenal glands and the ovaries (as well as in the placenta during pregnancy) which encourages growth of the uterine lining (the endometrium) during the last stage of the menstrual cycle (the luteal phase). Artificial (synthetic) progesterone is a key component in hormone replacement therapy and birth control pills.

Prognosis

The prediction of the course or outcome of a medical condition or disease based on the known factors involved.

Prophylactic

Medications, treatments or procedures used to prevent the development of disease or slows he course of an illness. Also know as preventative medicine. Prophylactic can also be used when describing contraceptive devices and medications.

Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)

The act of voluntarily relaxing various groups of muscles in the body, typically beginning at he top of the head or toes and working in the opposite way through out the body. This is done in the hope of releasing muscle tension (such as that experienced in the pelvic floor of many IC patients), which may reduce pain in some individuals. In general because it is often quite relaxing this technique is a good way to relieve the body of stress, even if it does not always reduce pain levels.

Prostaglandin

An important hormone-like fatty acid substance located in many different bodily tissues and in sperm (semen). Prostaglandin plays a vital role in the function of smooth muscle tone, hormone functions, metabolism and functions of the autonomic and central nervous systems. Prostaglandin is also produced in response to traumatic stimulus.

Prostate

The firm chestnut sized gland in men surrounding the bladder neck and urethra, which produces a secretion that is part of the seminal fluid.

Prostatodynia (Male Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome or MCPPS)

A medical condition occurring in men, where the patient experiences pain or discomfort in the prostrate, bladder, perineum and some times the rectum area. The affects of MCPPS can mirror those of prostatitis yet it is actually occurring because of spasms in the pelvic floor muscles.

Prostatron or Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)

The use of microwave power to open blocked passageways, allowing easier urine flow and urination.

Proteinuria

The presence of excessive amounts of protein (either albumin or globulin) in the urine. Proteinuria is often a sign of kidney disorder. Also known as Albuminuria.

Pseudoaddiction

A phenomenon where in a patient who is using prescribed medication (most usually pain relieving medications) develops a physiological attachment to that medication. Relief of their symptoms is experienced temporarily but instead of simply feeling content with this relief, the patient starts to stockpile as much of the medication as possible, perhaps because they are afraid that they may be discontinued from the medication and forced to endure their painful symptoms again. This is not so much a physical dependency (addiction) as “survival” tactic on the part of the patient.

Psychosomatic

A controversial term used in the medical field to refer to illness/disease/conditions that are thought to be largely caused by emotional or psychological factors. Though stress can certainly play a part in numerous medical conditions it is not does cause Interstitial Cystitis and is not a psychosomatic condition.

Pubococcygeus muscle

A levator-ani muscle that forms the pelvic floor, the other part of the levator-ani is called the illococcygeus.

Pubic symphysis

The rigid articulation of two pubic bones in the lower anterior area of the abdomen.

Pus

A bodily fluid made up chiefly of inflammatory cells (white blood cells), often created in response to trauma or infection.

Pyuria

The presence of pus in a urine specimen when it is examined microscopically (may give urine a milky or cloudy appearance. Pyuria is often a sign of infection or inflammation of the bladder or kidneys and not a common sign of IC (that said, some IC patients have noted both puss and slime/mucus in their urine which they were not able to find a logical reason for).

Terms beginning with the letter Q

No such terms at this time

Terms beginning with the letter R

Rectocoele

A medical condition in part of the rectum protrudes (herniated) into the vagina, and may require surgery in order to correct this problem.

Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection (RUTIs)

When a patient has numerous (3 or more) consecutive bladder infections in the span of less then one year. Also called Chronic UTIs, some IC patients experience RUTIs for a long time (months or years) prior to actually developing IC. For a minority of patients RUTIs continue onward or start after they have developed IC, and may need to be treated with antibiotics in order to try to rid the body of the bacteria that is causing the infection (urinary tract infection).

Reflux

In terms of urology, reflux or vesicoureteral is the backward flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters. Normally urine only flows out of the body through the urethra.

Resect

In medical terminology, resect or resection means to remove a piece of tissue.

Retention (Urinary retention)

A symptom in which a patient is not able to properly, fully void as they normally would-this leads to a build up of urine in the bladder. Complete retention is a very serious medical condition which requires immediate medical treatment (such as catheterisation to allow the urine to be expelled from the body). Some IC patients suffer from partial retention, which causes them to void frequently and to never feel as though their bladder is completely empty.

Retrograde ejaculation

A rare symptom in men, wherein semen discharges into the bladder not through the urethra as it normally does.

Retro-pubic area

The space located behind the pubis (below the abdomen but before the penis or vagina begins).

Terms beginning with the letter S

Sacral nerve stimulation

An electrical device which is implanted near the sacral nerve and spinal cord that omits electrical pulses in order to decrease over-activity or hypersensitivity of the nerves in this area which carry pain signals. These devices are sometimes used in the treatment of urinary urge incontinence and in limited number, in IC patients.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

A class of medications used in the treatment of depression. SSRIs works by interfering with the dispersal of anti-pain agents. Examples include Prozac (fluoxetine) and Zoloft (sertaline). Typically tricyclic antidepressants are prescribed for IC treatment if antidepressant therapy is being tried, but some patients have experienced symptom relief from the use of SSRIs.

Self-catherization

The act of catheterizing oneself on a regular basis in order to empty the bladder. This is a technique used by some IC patients who may also use this procedure to instill local anesthetics or medications into the bladder at home, as opposed to going to a doctors office for treatment sessions. This technique is not used by all IC patients by any means and some find “self” or any form of catherization impossible due to the pain they already have or which they experience during catheter insertion.

Seminal Vesicles

Two small glands responsible in the creation of most of the seminal fluid; located behind the bladder and connected to the prostrate gland. Inflammation of these glands is called Seminal Vesiculitis.

Sepsis

A medical condition in which agents like bacteria, fungi or products of infection (bacterial toxins/microorganisms) enter into the blood circulation. They then have a direct affect on blood pressure, organ malfunction, body temperature and heart rate.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that is created in the brain and found throughout mucous membranes, that in turn causes blood vessels to constrict.

Sign

In medical terms a sign refers to evidence of a disease or condition. For example glomerulations (seen in about 90% of IC cases) and Hunner’s ulcers (seen in about 10% of IC cases) are two visible signs – one or both – of which are found in the majority of IC patients.

Sphincter (Bladder sphincter)

A circular muscle (shaped like a ring) which opens and closes the urethra whilst voiding. Two main sphincters are involved in the urination process: The Internal urinary sphincter that is located at the neck of the bladder where urine leaves the body. And the External urinary sphincter a collection of muscles which allows the body to stop and start the flow of urine, as well as tighten or relax, provided the patient does not experience related problems.

Splanchnic nerve

The nerves which give motor stimuli to the bladder.

Stricture

In urology stricture means scaring that has occurred for whatever reason (such as due to injury or surgery) inside of the urethra which in turn blocks normal urine flow.

Stoma

A surgically created opening. In terms of the bladder and urinary health, a stoma typically refers to an opening which is created in the abdominal wall in order to collect urine following an operation such as the implantation of an Ileal conduct.

Submucous ulcer

An ulcer that involves the tissue layer beneath a mucous membrane.

Substance P

A tiny neuropeptide molecule which exists in some types of nerve fibres. Substance P is believed to be capable of stimulating inflammation as well as transmitting pain through out the nervous system, including the pain experienced by many IC patients.

Suprapubic

The area just above the pubic bone and below the navel (belly button) or lower abdominal region.

Suprapubic Aspiration

A urine collecting technique in which a syringe and needle are inserted into the bladder at a certain point right above the pubic bone. Urine is gathered in this method as it is thought to be the least contaminated (by bacteria), however it is not a routine method of testing for urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Suprapubic Catheter

A tiny sized variety of catheter which is placed into the bladder through the abdominal wall directly above the pubic bone if it is too painful for the patient or impossible to catheterise normally (via the urethra) in order to temporarily drain urine from the bladder.

Supertrigonal Cystectomy

A produce in which almost the entire bladder is removed surgically, leaving only the lowest part intact (the trigone). In order to recreate a new bladder, a piece of the patient’s intestine is fashioned into a bladder. This procedure is rarely carried out any longer however, as many patients have found that their IC symptoms return to plague the new bladder.

Symptom

Anything which occurs as a result of a disease or medical condition, such as pain or fever. Symptoms are often the easiest way to preliminarily diagnosis a disease or medical condition. Tell tale signs of IC include urinary urgency, urinary frequency, painful sex, pain in the bladder regions and pelvic floor muscles, and waking at night to urinate.

Syndrome

A collection or grouping of simultaneously or depressive (in other words through out a patient’s medical history) symptoms which characterise a particular medical condition or disease.

Terms beginning with the letter T

Testosterone

The male sex (steroid) hormone created in the Leydig cells of the testes. Testosterone is responsible for male characteristics like body hair and even male pattern baldness. Testosterone is produced in both men and women (in much smaller quantities) by the adrenal glands

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS or T.E.N.S)

A technique which uses low levels of electrical stimulation to manage pain. TENS uses electrodes connected to wires connected to a monitoring device (the body of the TENS machine which is battery powered and worn externally) in order to pass electrical stimulation to the patient, through their skin and in turn into the affected muscles. TENS has shown to be very helpful treating chronic pain and in some IC cases, especially where pelvic floor muscles are especially damaged or constricted. Some types of TENS can typically be purchased by the patient themselves from a pharmacy or medial supply shop, and it is recommended that you discus this option with your doctor before commencing any self-treatment, as too strong of a stimulation my cause further injury or strain to the affected muscles.

Transitional epithelium

The three layers which comprise the innermost part of the bladder: They the umbrella cells, the intermediate cells and the base cells.

Transurethral

Tests, treatments or surgeries carried out on, or through, the urethra.

Tricyclic antidepressants

A class of medication which increases serotonin levels, used in the treatment of depression and more recently in the treatment of other medical conditions including Interstitial Cystits. IC patients who garner relief from tricyclics are most likely experiencing relief because in low doses these medications interfere with pain impulses (they also cause drowsiness and lethargicness). In addition tricyclics are anticholinergic and may offer some relief from bladder spasms and urinary frequency. Elavil (amitriptyline) has become one of the most prescribed oral medications for the treatment of IC; it is often combined with other oral medications such as Elmiron or Hydroxyzine. Numerous other tricyclics are also available such as Tofraniol (imipramine) and Pamelor (notriptyline). Not all IC patients respond to tricyclics and may need to have their dosage adjusted before any relief is noticeable (if relief occurs at all for them).

Trigger Points

Specific areas of pain/soreness which develop in the connective tissues and/or the muscles as result of overuse, contractions or spasms. As nerves are continually stimulated by contracting muscles they may give off (release) neurotransmitters which in turn result in hypersensitivity and pain.

The resulting pain may be relieved or helped by a message technique called myofascial release. Trigger points are perhaps most often associated with Fibromyalgia, however trigger points have also been discovered in the vaginal areas of patients with IC and vulvodynia.

Trigone

A part of the bladder wall base which is shaped like an upside triangle. The trigone houses the largest concentration of bladder nerves. Trigonitis is a term loosely used to describe inflammation/redness of the general trigone area.

Tryptophan

An amino acid (and a building block of serotonin) found in proteins which plays a vital role in maintaining normal metabolism and growth. Tryptophan does not occur naturally in the body and thus must be obtained through diet.

Terms beginning with the letter U

Umbrella cells

Cells which are found on (in) the inner surface of the bladder.

Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection

An UTI which rapidly responds to (basic) appropriate UTI treatment (such as antibiotics), and is not thought to be associated with abnormalities of the urinary tract.

Ureters

The two muscular, thin tubes which transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder (entering the bladder a the top of the trigone). The tiny openings where the urine enters into the bladder are called the ureteral orifices.

Urethra

A small, narrow channel that passes (expels) urine from the bladder out of the body. The female urethra is considerably shorter then its male counterpart. Inflammation of the urethra is known as Urethritis.ICers run the risk of being incorrectly diagnosed as having urethritis, when in truth they have interstitial cystitis (though of course, a person could have both conditions at the same time).

Urethral Dilation

A procedure in which the urethra is stretched by use of a special medical device called a urethral dilator. Some times subsequently larger dilators re placed into the urethra until the desired level of dilation has occurred.

Urethral Diverticulum

A small sac like pouch that develops in the lining of the urethra. When this happens urine may collect in the pouch and therefore slowly dribble out, draining after the normal flow of urine has ceased. Urethral diverticulum may also lead to ongoing urinary tract infections, urethral pain and discomfort or pain during sexual activity.

Urethral Meatus

The opening through which urine exits the body from the urethra; on the tip of the penis in men, and between the clitoris and vaginal opening in women (the finale step of the urinary journey). Some IC (and vulvodynia) patients experience pain, inflammation and even swelling in this area.

Urethral Pressure Profile (UPP)

A diagnosis test in which a catheter is placed into the bladder and taken out at a consistent rate. This measures pressure along the length of the urethra and it’s ability to hold urine or to adequately void. The UUP is used to help determine how well the urethra is maintaining continence.

Urethral Stenosis

A clinical term used to describe narrowing of the urethra.

Urethrocele

A hernia wherein part of the urethra presses down upon or bulges through the vaginal wall; it may require surgery to be corrected.

Urge

A word used in urology referring to the need to urinate. Urgency is the rapid onset of the urge to void (urinate) and is a very common symptom of IC.

Urinalysis

A test used to determine whether or not white blood cells are present in urine (it doesn’t specify any strain of bacteria only that bacteria is in fact present in the urine), as this can be a sign of infection. Most of the time a urinalysis involves a microscopic investigation, this is known as a microscopic urinalysis. Urinalysis is also used to determine the pH of urine as well as abnormal levels of certain cells, red blood cells and glucose-basically the content of a patient’s urine.

Urinary Diversion

A medical procedure which involves diverting (redirecting) urine away from the bladder (the bladder may or not be left intact inside the patient). This is accomplished by attaching the utters into a segment of intestine and in turn urine is routed out of the body through the piece of bowel an opening in the abdomen (a stoma) and is collected in and emptied from an external bag.

Or alternatively an internal pouch is created and emptied by use of a catheter several times a day. All forms of urinary diversion run high risks of serious complications such as kidney damage and infections of any part of the body involved. In an Orthopedic diversion their original bladder is removed and a new bladder is created from a piece of intestine and connected to the urethra allowing the patient to continue voiding naturally without the aid of the catheterization or an internal/eternal pouch.

Diversion is a very serious procedure; one that is typically considered “last resort” for patients who have not responded positively to less invasive forms of treatment. These surgeries require a substantial amount of recovery time. Not all patients respond the same way and (sadly) some may require further follow-up operations to correct complications or to deal with infection, as well no matter what type of diversion patients report that in some instance their symptoms and feelings of IC return to the “new” bladder or urine-existing method.

Urinary Retention

The bladder’s inability to empty properly (either partially or completely). A sudden inability to urinate (which is not tied to a specific medical condition, such as the urinary retention that some IC patients and people with PFD experience) is called acute urinary retention and causes extreme lower abdominal pain and requires immediate medical attention. Medical intervention is also required if ICers are not able to void at all for longer than a few hours at most.

Urinary tract

The formal term for all organs (kidneys, bladder, utters and urethra), ducts and tissues involved in the creation, release and subsequent expulsion of urine from the body.

Urine Cytology

A urine test used to help uncover the existence of cancer in the bladder.

Urodynamic tests

Test carried out by a doctor (often a urologist) that aims to assess continence or how well the bladder is able to retain (hold) urine. Urodynamic tests include cystometrogram, uroflow, residual urine test, and electromyography. Any of these tests or a combination of them may be used to help diagnosis IC.

Uroflow or Uroflowemetry

An urodynamic test commonly used to test for urethral obstructions, that measures bladder’s efficiency to empty and the amount of urine that it expels as well as the peak flow-rate of the urine (the quickest speed that urine is passed at). Uroflow involves urinating into a specially designed commode that registers and graphs information on a computer.

Urogynecology

A subsection of gynecology which specifically studies urological issues experienced by women. Someone who practices this type of internal study is called a urogynecologist.

Urology

The chapter of medical science devoted to the study and treatment of urological health (in both sexes). Urology involves the urinary system organs and its focus is on the bladder, utters and urethra (medical issues involving, and the study of, the kidneys is referred to as nephrology). An urologist is someone who specializes in treating and studying urology and urological issues.

Urothelial cells

Also known as surface cells (of the bladder); these cells comprise the innermost layer of cells in the bladder lining (the Urothelium). This is the layer of cells that makes contact with urine.

Uterine Prolapse

Displacement or “slipping” of the uterus from its normal location due to injury or weakened pelvic floor muscles. A common cause of uterine prolapse is childbirth. In most cases surgical help is required in order to correct a uterine prolapse.

Terms beginning with the letter V

Vaginismus

A symptom of experiencing painful sex (see Dyspareunia) in which extreme pain and spasming of the vagina is experienced, most likely because of contractions and spasms of the pelvic floor muscles. Many IC (and vulvodynia) patients experience this symptom in collation to their IC, which can add to the discomfort of sexual activity and may require medical treatment in an attempt to reverse its effects, and allow the patient to comfortably have (vaginal) sex once again.

Vesical

A less common term for the urinary bladder. Vesica Urinaria is the correct Latin name for the human bladder.

Vesicoureteral reflux

A serious medical condition of the urinary system which causes urine to back-up into the kidneys from the bladder, resulting in kidney damage.

Void

To void, or voiding, is the act of expelling (passing) and emptying urine from the body.

Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)

A member of the urodynamic tests. In this instance a videourodynamic test (VUDS). VCUG involves x-raying the full bladder during voiding to reveal its capacity and shape as well as its ability to store and empty urine, residual urine and the existence of urethral reflux.

Vulva

The external (outer) female genitalia area. The vulva includes the clitoris, vaginal lips, labias, mons pubis, vaginal opening (the intritus), numerous glands and the urethral meatus. Numerous serious medical conditions can affect the vulva such as Vulvodynia, which is surprisingly common in IC patients (suffering from both that is). Pain in the vulvar area should be medically investigated immediately, in order to embark on treatment methods and therapies.

Vulvectomy

A surgical procedure which removes or alters part of the vulvar area and subsequently reconstructs the affected (damaged) area.

Vulvitis or Vulvovaginitis

Inflammation/redness that is specific to the vulva region of the female body. This may occur as the result of injury/trauma to the area, or for no explicable reason.

Vulvo-uterine

An anatomical term referring to the study of or conditions which affect both the vulva and the uterus

Vulvo-vaginal

An anatomical term referring to the study of or conditions which affect both the vulva and the vagina.

Terms beginning with the letter W

Water

In urological terms passing water is occasionally used to describe the act of voiding (urinating), and water as a way of referring to urine itself.

Terms beginning with the letter X

No such terms at this time

Terms beginning with the letter Y

No such terms at this time

Terms beginning with the letter Z

No such terms at this time

Stack of books photograph by Sanja Gjenero